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Forest plot

Development
Feasibility
Evaluation · preliminary
Evaluation · definitive
Implementation
MRC–NIHR phases (Skivington et al., 2021) · square size ∝ weight · dashed line = 95% prediction interval

Stage-stratified pooled estimates

The methodological contribution of this platform: pooled estimates stratified by trial maturity, using the MRC–NIHR complex-intervention framework (Development → Feasibility → Evaluation → Implementation; Skivington et al., 2021). The Evaluation phase is sub-split into preliminary-efficacy and definitive/confirmatory trials so feasibility evidence is not conflated with confirmatory evidence.

Note: these stage-stratified analyses are generated by this platform and were not reported in Ball et al. (2026). Trial stage labels (Development, Feasibility, Evaluation, Implementation) were assigned using generative AI and may contain errors; they have not been independently verified against all primary sources.

Study details & characteristics

Scroll right for sample characteristics (age, ethnicity, gender). NR = not reported. Publication years reflect the journal volume year; some papers were made available online in the preceding year.

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Study locations

Dot size reflects study count. Colour reflects dominant trial stage. The evidence base is heavily concentrated in the USA and UK.